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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (U.S. Department for Health and Human Services). Methanol Toxicity. American Family Physician 1993; 47(1):163-171

Antizol (fomepizole) Injection package insert (Orphan Medical, Inc., December 2000).

Barceloux D, Krenzelok E, Olson K, Watson W (Ad Hoc Committee on the Treatment Guidelines for Ethylene Glycol Poisoning on Behalf of the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology). American Academy of Clinical Toxicology Practice Guidelines on the Treatment of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning. Journal of Clinical Toxicology 1999; 37(5):537-560.

Baum CR, Langman CB, Oker EE, Goldstein CA, Aviles SR, Makar JK. Fomepizole Treatment of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning in an Infant. Pediatrics 2000; 106:1489-1491.

Borron SW, Megarbane B, Baud FJ. Fomepizole in Treatment of Uncomplicated Ethylene Glycol Poisoning. The Lancet 1999; 354:831

Borron SW, Baud FJ, Garnier R. Intravenous 4-Methylpyrazole as an Antidote for Diethylene Glycol and Triethylene Glycol Poisoning: A Case Report. Journal of Veterinary and Human Toxicology 1997; 39(1):26-28.

Boyer EW, Mejia M, Woolf A, Shannon M. Severe Ethylene Glycol Ingestion Treated Without Hemodialysis. Pediatrics 2001; 107(1):172-174.

Brent J, McMartin K, Phillips S, Aaron C, Kulig K. Fomepizole for the Treatment of Methanol Poisoning. The New England Journal of Medicine 2001; 344(6):424-429.

Brent J, McMartin K, Phillips S, Burkhart KK, Donovan JW, Wells M, Kulig K. Fomepizole for the Treatment of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning. The New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340:832-838.

Brophy PD, Tenenbein M, Gardner J, Bunchman TE, Smoyer WE. Childhood Diethylene Glycol Poisoning Treated With Alcohol Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Fomepizole and Hemodialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2000; 35(5):958-962.

Budavari S, O’Neil MJ, Smith A, Heckelman PE, eds. Ethylene Glycol. In: The Merck Index. 11th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., 1989A; 599.

Budavari S, O’Neil MJ, Smith A, Heckelman PE, eds. Methanol. In: The Merck Index. 11th ed. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., 1989B; 939.

Burkhart KK, Kulig KW. The Other Alcohols: Methanol, Ethylene Glycol and Isopropanol. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 1990; 8(4):913-928.

Jacobsen D, McMartin KE. Antidotes for Methanol and Ethylene Glycol Poisoning. Journal of Clinical Toxicology 1997; 35(2):127-143.

Jacobsen D, McMartin KE. 4-Methylpyrazole – Present Status. Journal of Clinical Toxicology 1996; 34(4):379-381.

Jacobson D, Sebastian CS, Barron SK, Carriere EW, McMartin KE. Effects of 4-Methylpyrazole, Methanol/Ethylene Glycol Antidote, in Healthy Humans. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 1990; 8:455-461.

Jacobson D, Sebastian CS, Blomstrand R, McMartin KE. Effects of 4-Methylpyrazole: A Controlled Study of Safety in Healthy Human Subjects After Single, Ascending Doses. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1988; 12(4):516-522.

Jacobson D, McMartin KE. Methanol and Ethylene Glycol Poisonings. Mechanism of Toxicity, Clinical Course, Diagnosis and Treatment. Medical Toxicology 1986; 1:309-334.

Kearney J, Rees S, Chiang W. Availability of Serum Methanol and Ethylene Glycol Levels: A National Survey. Journal of Clinical Toxicology 1997; 35:509. Abstract #68.

Litovitz T. The Alcohols: Ethanol, Methanol, Isopropanol, Ethylene Glycol. Pediatric Clinics of North America 1986; 33(2):311-323.

Liu J, Daya M. Prognostic Factors in Methanol Poisoning. Journal of Clinical Toxicology 1997; 35:510-511. Abstract #71.

McKinney PE, Palmer RB, Blackwell W, Benson BE. Butoxyethyanol Ingestion with Prolonged Hyperchloremic Metabolic Acidosis Treated with Ethanol Therapy. Journal of Clinical Toxicology 2000; 38(7):787-793.

Palatnick W, Redman LW, Sitar DS, Tenenbein M. Methanol Half-life During Ethanol Administration: Implications of Management of Methanol Poisoning. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1995; 26(2):202-207.

Sivilotti MLA, Burns MJ, McMartin KE, Brent J. Toxicokinetics of Ethylene Glycol During Fomepizole Therapy: Implications for Management. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2000; 36(2):114-125.

Sivilotti M, Burns M, McMartin K, Brent J. Reversible Blindness in Methanol Poisoning Treated with Fomepizole. Journal of Clinical Toxicology 1998; 36(5):514. Abstract #210.

Suit PF, Estes ML. Methanol Intoxication: Clinical Features and Differential Diagnosis. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 1990; 57(5):464-471.

Walder AD, Tyler CKG. Ethylene Glycol Antifreeze Poisoning. Three Case Reports and a Review of Treatment. Anesthesia 1994; 57(5):464-471

Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Rodgers GC, Klein-Schwartz W, Youniss J, Rose SR, Borys D, May ME. 2002 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2003; 21(5):353-421.

Weintraub M, Standish R. 4-Methylpyrazole: An Antidote for Ethylene Glycol and Methanol Intoxication. Hospital Formulary 1988; 23:960-969.

Select articles and abstracts are available through Medical Information and Drug Safety at 1-800-521-5169.


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